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61.
Trade intensity,country size and corruption 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. Several authors claim to provide evidence that governmental corruption is less severe in countries where trade intensity
is higher or populations are smaller. We argue that theory is highly ambiguous on these questions, and demonstrate that empirical
links between corruption and trade intensity – or country size, strongly related to trade intensity – are sensitive to sample
selection bias. Most available corruption indicators provide ratings only for those countries in which multinational investors
have the greatest interest: these tend to include almost all large nations, but among small nations only those that are well-governed.
We find that the relationship between corruption and trade intensity disappears, using newer corruption indicators with substantially
increased country coverage. Similarly, the relationship between corruption and country size weakens or disappears using samples
less subject to selection bias.
Received: July 2001 / accepted: April 2002
We thank Anand Swamy and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions, Paul Schorosch for able research assistance,
and Ray Fisman, Roberta Gatti, Aart Kraay, and Shang-jin Wei for kindly providing data. The conclusions of this paper are
not intended to represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. 相似文献
62.
开放中的经济增长与政策选择——当前经济增长态势分析 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
中国社会科学院经济研究所经济增长前沿课题组 《经济研究》2004,(4)
对外开放与高资本积累共同推动了中国经济增长 ,其中政府的主导作用非常鲜明。文章首先指出 :1)尽管现在贸易摩擦频繁 ,但中国的贸易增长仍有空间 ;2 )虽然现实的储蓄缺口已经消失 ,但考虑到大量农村劳动力需要转移 ,资本形成缺口依然很大 ,仍有引进外资的必要。文章接着分析 :由于中国在对外开放与资本形成机制上存在着政府干预形成的严重扭曲 ,从而在增长过程中不断累积着“结构扭曲”的风险。面临金融开放 ,这种扭曲的结构会变得更加脆弱。因此 ,如何充分利用外部资源加快中国的非农化进程 ,同时消除制度性扭曲 ,优化资源配置方式 ,减少外部冲击风险 ,促进经济增长成为本文探讨的主线。 相似文献
63.
64.
Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the world, using recently developed instrumental variables for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of institutions trumps everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, conventional measures of geography have at best weak direct effects on incomes, although they have a strong indirect effect by influencing the quality of institutions. Similarly, once institutions are controlled for, trade is almost always insignificant, and often enters the income equation with the wrong (i.e., negative) sign. We relate our results to recent literature, and where differences exist, trace their origins to choices on samples, specification, and instrumentation. 相似文献
65.
本文利用Malmquist指数方法,测算了1990—2007年福建省的农业技术进步率、技术效率增长率以及全要素生产率增长率;然后,利用协整检验和脉冲响应函数动态模拟福建省对外开放(对外开放度)对福建省农业技术进步变化率、技术效率变化率的影响,以及对外开放和两者的协整关系,进而说明福建省对外开放对其农业全要素生产率变动的作用。结果表明:20世纪90年代以来,福建省对外开放与其农业技术进步、技术效率变化和全要素生产率增长具有长期稳定均衡关系;福建省对外经济开放对福建省农业技术效率具有促进作用,但对农业技术进步具有"挤出效应"。 相似文献
66.
67.
外商投资、贸易开放度与中国财政支出结构 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文章采用空间计量经济方法,利用空间和时间固定效应的空间自回归模型和空间误差模型,就外商直接投资、贸易开放度与我国地方政府公共支出结构之间的关系进行分析。得出以下结论:我国各省的地方财政总支出及其主要构成部分存在显著的空间相关性;外商直接投资限制了政府部门规模,降低了总支出水平及其主要构成部分的支出水平,支持效率假说的推断;贸易开放度扩张了政府部门规模,提高了总支出水平及其主要构成部分的支出水平,支持补偿假说的推断。 相似文献
68.
Jorge Guillen 《新兴市场金融与贸易》2016,52(5):1145-1155
This article examines the effect of financial development on income distribution by analyzing a sample of Latin American countries according to their degree of financial openness for the 1990–2011 period. The period includes the time before and after financial liberalization for most of the countries in the region. As the literature provides inconclusive results regarding the relationship between financial development and income inequality, we aim to determine whether financial openness plays a role in this relationship. Our results provide an explanation for why some countries regardless of their degree of financial openness cannot achieve a reduction in income inequality. 相似文献
69.
70.
Does the Presence of Voice Imply the Absence of Silence? The Necessity to Consider Employees’ Affective Attachment and Job Engagement 下载免费PDF全文
Employer‐sponsored voice practices (ESVPs) are a tool used by human resource management to increase voice behavior and fulfill legal requirements for employee participation and consultation. Conceptual papers question the usefulness of ESVPs, arguing that they may promote selective expression at work in the way that employees who use ESVPs suggest work‐related process improvements (i.e., promotive voice) but still remain silent about issues that disturb smooth cooperation (i.e., cooperative silence). Prior research that treated voice and silence as being mutually exclusive cannot clarify how using ESVPs relates to voice and silence and under which conditions these links are particularly strong. Drawing from an employee survey in a UK branch of a multinational technology company, we apply a differentiated approach that treats voice and silence as separate behaviors and considers their specific motivators. Results from structural equation modeling show that even though employees use ESVPs and engage in voice, silence may still linger as a potential threat to performance and well‐being. Moreover, moderator analyses revealed that affective attachment to the organization increased and job engagement decreased the occurrence of this potentially dangerous coincidence. Our findings provide evidence for the usefulness of more differentiated approaches to employee voice and silence and indicate that factors that facilitate voice, be they formal procedures or pro‐organizational attitudes, might not suffice to overcome silence at work. We close with a discussion on ways to facilitate voice while reducing silence at the same time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献